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Adams,Abigail (John\'s wife),3,18,56,108,128
on British departure from Boston,4,23
marriage of John and,13
on new political institutions after independence,16
newspapers read by,145,178
during smallpox epidemic,57,85,86,104
on women\'s rights,20-1
Adams,Charles(John\'s son),104
Adams,John,ix,3,12-26,48,82,97,101,108,192n2
Abigail\'s women\'s rights proposal to,20-2
Articles of War drafted by,142
avoidance of slavery discussion by,20
Board of War and Ordnance chaired by,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162
at Court of St.James\'s,178
and defense of New York,33-4,36,46,86,102-4,107
Dickinson compared with,8-10
in Dickinson Draft debate,92,94-6,102
family concerns of,57,85,86,104
foreign policy developed by,57,98-9,102,142
Germain\'s threat to execute,136
governmental structure envisioned by,16-20
independence strategy of,x-xi,xiii,12-16,22-4,51,53,55-8,65,87,192n 33 (see also Declaration of Independence)
marriage of Abigail and,13
at peace conference with Howe,131-4,141-2
response to New York defeats,111,127-30,150,162-5
and Warren\'s martyrdom at Bunker Hill,25
Washington nominated as commander in chief by,26
Adams,Nabby (John\'s daughter),104
Adams,Sam,133
African Americans,20
see also slavery
Alexander,General William,see Stirling,Lord
“American Creed,” 64
American Expeditionary Force,48
Aquinas,Thomas,163
Arnold,Benedict,4
Articles of Confederation,Dickinson Draft of,90-4,98-100,102,105
Articles of War,142
Ashby (Massachusetts),50
Barnstable (Massachusetts),196n7
Bartlett,Josiah,91
Blackstone,William,6
Black Watch regiment,153
Board of War and Ordnance,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162
Boston,8,23,36,38,45,88,127
advocacy of independence in,51
battles in,4,33 (see also Bunker Hill,Battle of)
British evacuation of,46
newspapers in,145
Siege of,3-4,26-30,33,39,48,76,110,193n12
smallpox epidemic in,20,57
Tories in,163
Boston Tea Party,7
Bowdoin,James,104
Braintree (Massachusetts),127
British Army,89,127-9,134-6,158,166,175,183-5
Atlantic crossing of,68-9
Boston Siege defeat of,8-9,26,29,33,88
at Bunker Hill,3,5,38
discrepancy in troop strength of Continental Army and,101,108
enlisted men of,70
Howe\'s leadership of,see Howe,Gen.William
on Long Island,104,107,114-16,map 117,118-22,147
loyalists and deserters join,41,146,161
on Manhattan,148,152-4,156-7
New York strategy of,27,36,38-9
officer corps of,32-3,183
at Pell\'s Point,168
on Staten Island,68,81,89
veterans of,as Washington\'s senior officers,39-40
Yorktown defeat of,179,183
British navy,see Royal Navy
Brodhead,David,115
Brooklyn Heights,118-21,147,152,183
evacuation of Continental Army from,123-4,180
forts on,41,113,114,119,121,126
Bunker Hill,Battle of,10,30,86,140,152,194n26
atrocities committed by British at,3,5
British casualties at,3,35,90
“The Cause” and,46
Howe at,38,110,194n22
Knowlton at,153
Putnam at,114
Warren as martyr of,25,31,97
Burgoyne,General John,39,73,89,103,194n20
Burke,Edmund,7,10,180-1,185
Burr,Aaron,149,153
Burstein,Andrew,197n31
Calvinism,8
Canada,4,33,36,73,99,195n31
campaign in,see Quebec
Catiline,13
“Cause,The,” x,31,54,95,97,125,146-7,171
Adams\'s dedication to,13-14
and Dickinson Draft debate,92-3
Franklin on,90
New England support for,28-9
Paine\'s contribution to,12,15
Washington and,5,26,34,42-4,46,74,137-8,154,156,161,173-4
Charleston (South Carolina),Battle of,48
Chase,Samuel,93-4
chevaux-de-frise,75
Cicero,13,14
Civil War,93
Clinton,Gen.Henry,48,84,116,149,173
Howe\'s rejection of tactical recommendations of,110-11,114-15,119,147,183-4
at Throg\'s Neck,166-8
Collier,Capt.George,125,135
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone),6
Common Sense (Paine),11-12,15,90
commutation,175
Concord,Battle of,3,97,132
Confederation Congress,94
Connecticut,75,76,105
Continental Army in,28,29,47
Continental Congress delegates from,95,164
militia units from,43,77,85,108,149,153
see also specific cities and towns
Connecticut Courant,145
Constitution,U.S.,17
Constitutional Convention,88,94
Continental Army,ix,xii,40,42,70-81,108,128-9,133,163-4,173-7,182-5,202n26,208n22
at Boston Siege,27,28,39,46,76
British disparagement of,81
Continental Congress and,140-4
demoralization of,134-5,146,162-3,166
deserters from,135,161
Dickinson\'s support for,9
evacuation from Manhattan of,166-70,map 169
independence and,5,72,140,142
lack of experience and military discipline in,29-32,70-1,73-4,77-8
on Long Island,54,66,101,103,104,107,109-28,map 117,134,137,145-6,163,176,183
on Manhattan,111,133,138-40,147-58,map 151,162,163,176,183
militia units comprising,4,25,28-9,43,47,77,85,89,101-3
moved from Boston to New York,19,23,28,34
northern detachment of,80,101
officers in,x,32-3,76-7,102,158-60 (see also names of specific officers)
supplies and ordnance for,77,102
tactical retreat from Long Island of,123-6,135
unrealistic confidence in,88-9,98,101
at Valley Forge,172,174
Washington\'s appointment as commander in chief of,79
Continental Congress,ix,x,xii,82,101-2,106,111,150,167,171
British attitude toward,81
Continental Army and,5,27-8,40,43,46,102-3,137-45,I57-61
draft of Articles of Confederation debated in,90-100
foreign policy of,97-100
Howe\'s peace initiatives to,120,129-33,146
and independence,xiii,10,16,18,23-4,29,31,34,49-55,87,l62,195n2 (see also Declaration of Independence)
loyalty to British Crown in,4
military strategy of,44,75
moderates in,xiii,7-10,14,84
and occupation of New York,156-7
overconfidence in Washington\'s ability to defend New York of,88-90,101
Continental Congress (continued)
radical faction of,13-14,58,59
response to New York military disasters in,126-30,134,157,165
slavery issue avoided by,20
state governments and,56-7
Washington honored by,26
women\'s rights petition to,20-1
Cornwallis,General Charles,39,84,115,183
Court of St.James\'s,178
Cushing,William,48
Deane,Silas,162
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms(Dickinson and Jefferson),59,191n11
Declaration of Independence,71-2,76,161,196n20
drafting,18,57-67,99-100,171,197n28,n29,n34
passage of,66,132
signing of,62,100
Delaware,47,108,118,157
Dickinson,John,ix,5,8-10,45,53,191n11
draft of Articles of Confederation by,90-100
Dorchester Heights,4,33
Dunmore,Lord,52,62
Eagle(ship),74,124,129,138
English Civil War,49
Fischer,David Hackett,208n22
Fishkill (New York),139
foreign policy,American,57,88,92,97-100,102
Fort Lee,167
Fort Necessity,85
Fort Schuyler,166
Fort Washington,74,75,207n23
Fox,Charles,180-1,185
France,57,97-9,163,164,172,183,184
Franklin,Benjamin,8,102,104-7,131-2,137,200n40
biographies of,198-9n27
and British victory on Long Island,111,129
demographic knowledge of,89-90
and Dickinson Draft,93-95
and framing of Pennsylvania constitution,106
and Franco-American alliance,98-9,163,178
Germain\'s threat to execute,136
in London,81-2,105
at peace conference,131-4
Richard Howe\'s friendship with,68,81-4,105
role in drafting of Declaration of Independence of,57-8,60,61
submarine use advocated by,75,138
Franklin,Elizabeth (William\'s wife),105
Franklin,William (Benjamin\'s son),105
Frederick II (the Great),King of Prussia,11
French and Indian War,7,26,27,32,37,84,114,153
Gates,Gen.Horatio,39,80,103,107,112
George I,King of England,37
George III,King of England,4,14,49,130,161
destruction of statue of,72
efforts at reconciliation rejected by,10-12,15,19,54,105,128
and Howe brothers\' diplomatic initiatives,78,80-1
Jefferson\'s condemnations of,59,60,62-3
oppressive policies imposed by,52,82,181
Germain,Lord George,35-40,49,136,166,182
and Howe brothers\' diplomatic initiatives,79-80,83
invasion of New York planned by,48,108,181
overall strategy of,72,73,111,185,194n20
Germans,8,62
mercenaries,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)
Gerry,Elbridge,89
Glorious Revolution,49
Glover,Colonel John,123,124,166,207n25
Gowanus Heights,Battle of,113-15,118,130,145,158,183,202n28
Grant,General James,116,145
Greeks,ancient,164-65
Greene,Gen.Nathanael,ix,71,77,142-3,159,207n23
Adams and,45,46,102
illness and evacuation to Manhattan of,112,126,136
at Kip\'s Bay,149
on Long Island,41,72,76,84,85,109,114
promotion to general of,32-3,160
Quaker background of,32
retreat from New York advocated by,134,136-7,140-1
Greyhound (ship),66
Hamilton,Alexander,160
Hancock,John,26,27,71,202n28
and defense of New York,40,43,46
Washington\'s reports to,72-3,79,86,126,135,137-8,140,142-3,156,157,161,166
Hand,Colonel Edward,166
Hannibal,164
Harlem Heights,165-7
Battle of,150,152-8,162,206n41
Harrison,Robert Hanson,202n28
Harvard University,13,26,45
Havana,Battle of,37
Hawley,Joseph,87
Heath,General William,139
Heister,General Leopold von,116
Henry,Patrick,56
Hessians,84,89,109,111,168
arrival of,84,111
at Gowanus Heights,145-6
at Kip\'s Bay,148,149
on Long Island,112,115,116,118
military professionalism of,70,102,108
Hooper,William,141,157
House of Commons,7,179-82
House of Lords,7,17,41,82
Howe,George Augustus,37
Howe,Adm.Richard,ix,xi,86,90,119-20,124,127,142,167-8,171,173,174,l82,185
aristocratic background of,37 attitude of Continental Congress toward,92,97
bombardment of Manhattan by,148-50
diplomatic priorities of,78-80,84,124,129-32,134,140,146,147,152,161,170,184
fleet commanded by,23,48,57,66,72-4 (see also Royal Navy)
Franklin\'s friendship with,68,81-4,105
and Long Island battles,112,126
on Staten Island,69,84,108
Howe,Gen.William,ix,xi,37-8,86,90,163,174,194n23,195n31,198n6
aristocratic background of,37
Howe,Gen.William (continued)
attitude of Continental Congress toward,88,92,97
in Boston Siege,3-4,23,46,48
British attitudes toward conduct of war by,179-85,202n26,208n21
at Bunker Hill,38,114,120,194n22
Burgoyne and,103,194n20
defections of deserters and loyalists to,161-2
in French and Indian War,37
Germain\'s orders to,38-40,111
and independence,46-7,66,97,144
on Long Island,114-16,118-21,125-9,134-6
on Manhattan,146-9,156,157,162,165-8
occupation of New York by,140,163-5
peace initiatives of,78,124
Staten Island garrison of,66,70,84
strategy and tactics,72,108-12,114-15,120-1,134-6,139,162,170-3
Hudson River,34,50,107,138,172,173
in British strategy,36,40,73,89,103,111,194n20
British warships on,74,78,79,88-9,139,140,167
maps of,117,151,169
restriction of British access to,41,47,75
Huguenots,8
Indians,43,101,see also French and Indian War
Industrial Revolution,70
Inns of Court,8
Jamaica Pass,114,115
Jefferson,Martha,24,58,100,142
Jefferson,Thomas,ix,4,57-9,95-6,107,191n11,195n33
Declaration of Independence drafted by,18,57,59-67,99,171,197n29,n34
in Dickinson draft debate,92,99-102
family concerns of,24,58,100,104,142
Virginia constitution draft by,100-1,106
Kentish Guards,32
killing zone,68,113,148
King\'s Bridge,139,140,147,183
Kip\'s Bay,Battle of,148-50,153,154,157,158,163,164,183
Knowlton,Col.Thomas,153-5,159,160
Knox,Gen.Henry,33,77,141,160,164,176
Lee,Gen.Charles,32-4,39-41,75,109,167,168,194n22,n26,207n25
Lee,Richard Henry,44-5,57,100
Leitch,Major Andrew,154
Lengel,Ed,208n22
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson),8
Lexington,Battle of,3,97,132
Lincoln,Abraham,64,65
Livingston,Philip,122
Livingston,Robert,57
Locke,John,65
London,3,19,119,133
Dickinson in,8
Franklin in,81-2,105
Paine in,11,12
peace commission sent to colonies from,45
press in,178,179
Reed in,76
Long Island,34,57,101,103,104,127,161
arming of militia units on,54
Battle of,ix,x,43,46,88,107,110-18,map 117,128,130-8,141-5,149,150,163,164,168,171,176,184 (see also Brooklyn Heights;Gowanus Heights,Battle of)
defensive networks on,72,109
evacuation of Continental Army troops from,123-6
political allegiance of farmers on,70,75-6
smallpox outbreak on,85
transport of British troops to,66
Loring,Elizabeth (Betsy),38,48,118,207n23
Louis XVI,King of France,98
loyalists,34,38,41-2,70,130,163,202n26
arrests of,47,76,195n39
in British Army,41,146,161
British forces aided by,69,115
in exile in London,178,182
in middle colonies,13,52
newspapers of,152
spying by,66,114
MacKenzie,Capt.Frederick,161,162
Maier,Pauline,195n2,196n20,197n28
Maine,4
Malden (Massachusetts),51
Manhattan,34,103,112,126,133,136,142,144,147-8,map 151
battles on,ix,x,40-1,43,46,88,110-11,171,176,180,184 (see also Harlem Heights,Battle of;Kip\'s Bay,Battle of)
British failure to trap Continental Army on,147-8,183
Continental Army encampments on,70
Continental Congress delegates from,57
decision to defend,138-40
desertion of militia from Long Island to,135
dysentery from contaminated water on,85
evacuation of Continental Army from,156,166-70,map 169
Great Fire in,156-7
loyalists on,161
Royal Navy bombardment of,74-5,149-50
ships ordered to assemble on,123
troops transferred to Long Island from,114,121
Washington\'s headquarters on,80
Martin,Joseph Plumb,74,116,123,148,170,176-7
Maryland,47,93,95,107,118
Massachusetts,8,9,28,37,49-52,89,94,102,123,143
Charter of,55
General Court of,26
martial law in,7
outbreak of war in,see specific battles see also specific cities and towns
mercenaries,17,30,54,63,67,82
German,11,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)
Middle Temple (London),76
Mifflin,Gen.Thomas,122-4,203n35
Miles,Samuel,115
militias,25,32,41,46,142-4,161,168,175,206n3
in Boston Siege,3-4
British disparagement of,38,69
desertion of,135
at Kip\'s Bay,148-9
myth of,177
from New England,28-9,32,43
in New York campaign,43,47,54,77,85,88-9,101-3,108-9,158-9,201n2
Minden,Battle of,35
Minutemen,158,177
Mohawk Indians,32
Morgan,Edmund,208n22
Native Americans,see Indians
New England Chronicle,145
“New Establishment,”159-60,162
New Hampshire,28,43,91
New Jersey,75,123,162,167,184
Continental Congress delegates from,16,130
loyalists in,105,128,152,161
militia units from,43,47,85,89
see also specific cities and towns
Newport Mercury,146
New Rochelle (New York),168,179
New York,146,150,152,165,179,181
arrival of British fleet at,56,57
Battle of,x-xiii,19,23,26,27,29,33-4,36-48,58,83,86,88-90,96,97,101-3,107,108,111,127-9,139-42,145,154,158,160,174(see also specific battles)
British occupation of,36,42,47,76,111,136,140,147,157,164
Continental Army march from Boston to,19,23,28,30
Continental Congress delegates from,7-8,18,61
defense of,39,47,75,112,136-7,140-1,167,170,174
epidemic of fear and disillusionment in,162
evacuation of troops from,123-6
Harbor,British prison ships in,118,207n23
loyalists in,13,76
provisional government of,139
referendum on independence in,52-4
tactical vulnerability of,66,74-5,194n26
see also Hudson River;Long Island;Manhattan;Staten Island;specific cities and towns
North Carolina,16,141
Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin),90
Orpheus (ship),148
Paine,Thomas,11-12,15,17,21-2,35,53,90
Paris,Treaty of,173,175,177-8,184
Parliament,5,6,14,21,80,92,95
George III\'s 1775 address to,10-11
Howe brothers in,37,179
limitation of monarchical power by,49
opposition to militarization of colonial conflict in,7,181,182,202n26
resistance to authority of,8-9,19,59,80,91,130,144,178
Patterson,James,80
Pell\'s Point,Battle of,168
Peloponnesian War,164,165
Pendleton,Edmund,60,100,101
Pennsylvania,54,82,166
Committee of Public Safety,75
constitution of,56,106
Continental Congress delegates from,7,16,18,52-3,57,94
loyalists in,13,52
militia units from,108
see also specific cities and towns
Pennsylvania Evening Post,21
Pennsylvania Packet,16,145-6
Percy,Gen.Hugh,125
Perth Amboy (New Jersey),131
Philadelphia,8,19,133,178
British attack on,172,194n20
Continental Congress in,see Continental Congress
population of,35
property requirements to vote in,21,53
Washington in,44-5,47
Phoenix (ship),74,78
Pitt,William,7,10,185
Plan of Treaties,98-9,102,142
Polybius,160
proportional representation,94,105
Punic wars,164
Puritans,164
Putnam,Gen.Israel,113,116,119,149,152
Putnam,Rufus,139
Quakers,8,32,53,122
Quebec,4,37,43,44
Battle of,43,44,57,103
Rainbow (ship),125
Rakove,Jack K.,199n1
Reed,Col.Joseph,25,76-9,102,121,139,147,149,154,167
representation,proportional,94,105
Rhode Island,28,32,94,145
Rodney,Caesar,157
Romans,ancient,6,160,164
Rose (ship),74,78
Royal Navy,34,36,49,74,81,122,124,138,148-9
see also Howe,Adm.Richard;specific ships
Royal Society,82
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One(Franklin),81
Rush,Benjamin,94-5,128-30,163
Russia,11
Rutledge,Edward,91,131,133
Sandy Hook (New Jersey),84
Saratoga,Battle of,174,194n20
Schuyler,General Philip,73
Scotch-Irish,8
Scottish Highlanders,84,116,153
Second Treatise on Government (Locke),65
Serle,Ambrose,69,79,112,133
Sherman,Roger,57,95
Six Nations,43
slavery,20,52,96
avoidance of discussions of,x,41,22-3,55
Jefferson and,59,62,65
sectional split over,93-4
smallpox,20,57,85,103
inoculation for,44,86,104,195n33
Society of the Cincinnati,176
South Carolina,48,91,157,167
slavery in,62,93-4
Sparta,165
Stamp Act (1765),6
Staten Island,34,127
British forces on,49-50,66,68-70,72,73,81,89,108,110
British troops transported to Long Island from,112
peace talks on,131,134,135,140,141,146,147
Stedman,Charles,184
Stirling,Lord (Gen.William Alexander),41,73,159
as British captive,124,129,146
on Long Island,109,116,map 117,118
submarines,75,138
Sullivan,James,22
Sullivan,General John,112-16,118,124,129-30
Summary View of the Rights of British Americans(Jefferson),59,60,62
Tallmadge,Major Benjamin,122,124-5
Tappan Zee,74
taxes,92,94,175
levied by British,6,82
proposed compromises on,9,130
resistance to,8,19,59,130,132
Thebes,165
Thoughts on Government (Adams),16-17
Throg\'s Neck,166-68
Ticonderoga,Battle of,33,37
Tilghman,Lt.Tench,123,161
Topsfield (Massachusetts),50-1,55
Tories,41,105,128,163-4
Trenton,Battle of,172
Trumbull,John,61,153
Turtle (submarine),138
Valley Forge,172,174
Vietnam War,208n21
Virginia,26,89,95
commitment to independence of,44,51-2,57,61
constitution of,58,60,100
Continental Army troops from,143,154
Continental Congress delegates from,58-9,94
slavery in,62
see also specific cities and towns
Virginia Convention,52,58,60,96,100-1
Warren,Joseph,25,31,97
Washington,George,ix,39-43,48,71-80,103,108-14,116-29,134-44,147-54,165-8,170,173-7,194n23,202n28,208n22
and Battle of Long Island,110,114,1l8,121,126-7,147,201n2
at Boston Siege,3-4,193n12
British disparagement of,69
and Canadian campaign,43,195n31
Continental Army march to New York from Boston led by,19,23,28,30
Continental Congress and,31-2,57,102,160-1,174-5
councils of war convened by,73-4,122,139,147,167
daily demands on,75-78
and Declaration of Independence,71-72
and defense of New York,40-1,72-5,112,136-40,147,174
evacuation of Continental Army from Manhattan by,152,156-7,166-8,map 169,180
Farewell Address,99
in French and Indian War,27,37,84-5
General Orders,66-7,72,74,85-6,112,123,126,154
Germain\'s threat to execute,136
Hancock and,71,79,135,142,157,162
at Harlem Heights,152-4,156-8,165-6
honor-driven behavior of,xii,121-2,138
Howe\'s communications with,83-4,109-10,120,151-2
and Kip\'s Bay disaster,149-50
Manhattan headquarters of,40
militia units and,29-30,43,108-9,135
officer corps of,31-3,113-14,134,147,203n35,207n25
physical and psychological characteristics of,25-8,192n2
Reed and,25,76-7,79,121
resolute defiance of British by,79-80
response to British atrocities at Bunker Hill,5
retreat through New Jersey of,184
and “spirit of\'76,” 30-1
tactical withdrawal from Long Island,123-6,129,135
at Trenton,172
unrealistic optimism about success against British of,88-90,101
veneration of public for,34,82,106
Washington,Lund,152-3,157
Washington,Martha,44,195n33
Westmoreland,Gen.William,208n21
Whigs,6,7,37,41,180-1
White Plains (New York),167-70
Williams,William,164
Williamsburg (Virginia),58,60,96,100,101
Witherspoon,John,130
Wood,Gordon,208n22
World War I,48,99
World War II,99
Yorktown,Battle of,171,174,183